Africa Between 1935 - 1960

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1935

Italy invades Ethiopia.

1935

September: ''Nürnberger Gesetze" - "Reichsbürgergesetz"; "Gesetz zum Schutze des deutschen Blutes und der deutschen Ehre" / "Nuernberger Laws" - "Citizenship Law", "Law to Protect German blood and German honor'': Loss of civil equality for Jews, Blacks, Gypsies and Romany
Banning of racially mixed marriages of so called non-Aryans and Aryans
holders of Alien Passports have their right to claim state support such as unemployment benefits taken away
Loss of German citizenship for Black Germans and their German spouses
"Neger Jazz" banned by the state radio authority

1936

May: Mass protests at the funeral of women's rights activist and former SPD member of parliament Clara Bohm-Schuch.
August: XI. Summer Olympic Games in Berlin.
October: Establishment of the concentration camp at Sachsenhausen
"Gleichschaltung" / "dissolution and merger" of the colonial associations into the Reichskolonialbund (Imperial Colonial Association)
Colonial Exhibition in Berlin
December: "Gesetz über die Hitlerjugend" / "Law on the Hitler Youth" - all German youths should be included in the Hitler Youth; Black German children are excluded from the Hitler Youth.

1937

Cocoa farmers boycott in Ghana against European imported goods
January: “Anordnung über den Herkunftsnachweis" / "Ordinance on the Proof of Heredity", proof among others of "neither a touch of Jewish or Black" for applicants for membership in the NSDAP
Secret sterilization of approx. 500 offspring of Black French occupation soldiers (so called "Rhineland Bastards")
Naming of "Mohasistraße" (extension) in the Berlin district of Wedding for the South African river in former German East Africa (today Republic of Tanzania)
Naming of the "Damarastraße" in the Berlin district of Wedding for the Damara (Herero), a Bantu Nation in former German South West Africa (today Republic of Namibia)
Exhibition "Entartete Kunst" / "Degenerate Art" for the opening of the House of German Art in Munich.

1938

March) "Annexation" of Austria to the German Reich
Feb./March: Colonial Revue "Ki-Sua-Heli" performed in the Berlin Deutschlandhalle
Juli: Major arrest action of "asocial persons" and persons with prior arrest records carried out by the Imperial Criminal Police: Peak of the NS racial politics before World War II - including revocation of licensing to the bar of Jewish lawyers ; revocation of passports
Pogroms against Jews throughout Germany in the night from 9th to 10th November
Naming of the "Usambarastraße" in the Berlin district of Wedding for the mountainous area in former German East Africa (today Republic of Tanzania)
Exhibition of "Entartete Musik" / "Degenerate Music" during the German Imperial Music Days in Duesseldorf

1939

August: Hitler-Stalin Pact
September: Invasion of Poland by German troops: Beginning of World War II
November: Banning of public appearances of Blacks on all stages, fairgrounds and suchlike by the Propagandists (Reichspropagandaleitung) of the NSDAP
Naming of "Petersallee" in the Berlin district of Wedding for the colonial supporter Carl Peters (1856-1918)

1940

April/May: Occupation of Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and France by the German armed forces
May: Establishment of the concentration camp at Auschwitz.
June: Armistice in Compiègne; division of France into an occupied and an unoccupied territory ("Vichy"-France)
The Secretary-General of the Ligue pour la Défense de la race noire ("League for the Defense of the Black Race") Garan Kouyaté murdered by the Nazis in Paris
War in North Africa (until 1942).

1941

Italy evicted from Ethipia: Emperor Haile Selassie restored.

1941

Black Germans and German Gypsies and Romany children are forbidden from attending school
June: Attack of German troops on the Soviet Union.
December: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor; the USA declares war on Japan, Germany and Italy

1942

20 January: "Wannsee Conference" on the "Endlösung der Judenfrage" / "Final Solution of the Jewish Question" in Berlin
Autumn: Mass protests at the funeral of the former SPD Chairman from Berlin, Franz Kuenstler

1943

March: Mass protests of German wives against the deportation of their Jewish husbands in the Rosenstraße in Berlin-Mitte
March: Failed assassination attempt on Hitler by officers of the German armed forces

1944

July: Failed assassination attempt on Hitler by officers of the German armed forces at Hitler's headquarters
African American Army and Air Force units are sent into the war in Europe

1945

February: Jalta Conference: Great Britain, the USA and the Soviet Union negotiate among other things the division of Germany into occupation zones
May: capitulation of Berlin; unconditional surrender of the German Reich
May: End of World War II in Europe
October: "5th Pan-African Congress" in Manchester, England. Renewal of anti-colonial efforts
October: "Charter of the United Nations" goes into effect.

1946

"Rassemblement Démocratique Africain" formed
Anton Muziwakhe Lembede (founder of the ANC Youth League) formulates the 'cardinal principles' of African nationalism, or Africanism, in a policy document of the ANC Youth League
General rise of African nationalism in the wake of Second World War

1946

Nuernberg War Crimes Trials.

1947

51 Foreigners from Africa are registered in Berlin

1948

Monetary Reform
Blockade of West Berlin by the Soviet Union (until 1949) and division of the town
In the USA: racial segregation in the military is ended by an order from President Harry S. Truman.

1949

May: Proclamation of the Grundgesetz (Constitution) of the Federal Republic of Germany
October: Proclamation of the German Democratic Republic (GDR)

1951

Internal self-rule in Ghana
Lybia becomes independent kingdom

1952

Internal self-rule in southern Nigeria
In South Africa, African nationalists launch passive resistance to apartheid; are defeated by draconian laws
Free officers overthrow Egyptian monarchy with strong nationalist programme. Gamal Abdel Nasser soon becomes supreme; British evacuate last bases in Egypt

1953 - 1963

Northern and Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland in settler-controlled federation.

1954

Algerian war of independence begins.

1954 - 1957

Mau Mau Uprising - Peasant nationalist rising in Kenya: defeated by British with estimated loss of 10,000 African lives, but prelude to independence.

1954

62 foreigners from Africa are registered in Berlin (West)
In the USA: the laws on racial segregation ("separate but equal") are declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court

1955

Tunisia becomes independent.

1956

Sudan becomes independent
Morocco becomes independent
Spain returns holdings except Ceuta, Melilla, Ifni enclave, lands south of Draa
Egypt invaded, at Suez, by Isreali, British, French forces; they withdraw

1957

Ghana becomes independent.

1958

Guinea becomes independent.

1958

Naming of "Ghanastrasse" in the Berlin district of Wedding.